Activity: Make a Mummy Case

Category: Classroom/At Home Activity
Duration: 2-3 hours (plus drying time)
Audience: Educators, Families, Kids, Students
Age: 8-14
Grades: 3-8

Category: Classroom/At Home Activity
Duration: 2-3 hours (plus drying time)
Audience: Educators, Families, Kids, Students
Age: 8-14
Grades: 3-8

Make a miniature version of a cartonnage mummy case to discover one of the ways in which the Ancient Egyptians prepared for the journey to the afterlife.

For Ancient Egyptians, the journey to the afterlife was the most important journey of all, and becoming a well-provisioned mummy could help you get there. Having a good coffin with your picture and name on it could help your spirit identify your mummy when it came time for your spirit to rest and replenish itself, so coffin-making was a very important job. Many people worked to make a single coffin: carpenters, carvers, designers, painters, and scribes.

Learning Goals

Examine the religious beliefs of other cultures.
Understand the artwork and visual traditions of other cultures.
Simulate the process of work and employment in Ancient Egypt.
Explore different methods of expressing personal meaning in artwork.

Background Information

For the ancient Egyptians, the journey to the afterlife was the most important of all, and making the right preparations was crucial. The Egyptians believed that after a person died, their spirit would live on. Just as in life, a person's spirit could get tired or hungry, and it would need a place to rest and get food from the people who came to visit.

A mummy was an ideal place to rest, and a good coffin would have been in high demand. A coffin shows the deceased as someone who has joined the gods, and now has a face that can see, hear, smell, and taste the way a god does.

Most coffins were made of wood. Though there are many beautiful palm trees in Egypt, their wood isn’t the right kind for making planks. The sycamore fig tree had the best wood for coffins, unless a person could afford imported cedar from Lebanon.

At some times in Egyptian history, people wrapped their dead friends in a layer of cartonnage before putting them in coffins. Cartonnage is a made of strips of cloth or papyrus soaked in gesso or plaster. It’s a bit like the plaster casts that sometimes protect a broken arm or leg; a cartonnage coffin provided an extra layer of protection for a mummy.

Strips of papyrus or linen held together with plaster could be molded around a "dummy mummy" made of mud and straw. When the plaster was almost dry, the dummy would be removed, the real mummy placed inside, and the back carefully sewn shut. Then, the dry plaster could be painted with important information, such as spells from the Book of the Dead, the offering formula (a prayer for the dead person to receive the things they would need in the next world), and, if possible, the name of the person who had died.

Ancient Egyptian painting showing three figures with hieroglyphics above their heads.

The ROM's mummy, Djedmaatesankh, has a beautiful cartonnage coffin. One interesting detail to look for is that, when it was made, this coffin was the latest style, but that meant that the weren't sure how to fit all the images on. For example, they left off one of the magical Seven Hathors - cows who help make sure the dead person will have food in the next life. Another artist had to squeeze a picture of this cow onto an empty space. If you’re visiting in person, try to find the seventh cow. In addition, the names of some of the gods on the coffin have been switched. Styles in coffins changed slowly over the years, but it's usually possible to know how old a coffin is by looking at the decoration and writing. The style of Djedmaatisankh's coffin shows that she died about 2,800 years ago!

As you're working, keep in mind that it's okay to make mistakes! Even if you do, your work might still end up in a museum one day.

Materials

plasticine
plaster bandages
small baking tray
small container for water
acrylic paint
acrylic paint palette
paintbrushes
scissors

Preparation

Look up images of cartonnage coffins, and see if you can find some of these common images:

the owner of the coffin being presented to Osiris
the weighing of the heart
the four sons of Horus

How to Make a Mummy Case

2m 25s

Step-by-Step

Hand holding a red clay sculpture shaped like a lizard or salamander.

Step 1

Take a lump of plasticene or modeling clay and work it between your hands until it becomes soft. Mold the lump into a mummy's body shape.

Red modeling clay shaped into a rough head, a flat rectangular piece, two long cylindrical pieces, and a tall, rounded figure.

Step 2

Use more clay to make a headdress and arms for your mummy. Don't worry about details, as these will be covered up later by your mummy case.

Red clay sculpture of a figure with long hair and crossed arms resting on a cylindrical base.

Step 3

Add the arms and headdress to the body. Smooth them on using your fingers and thumb.

Hand holding a red clay sculpture resembling a human figure with a Head and torso.

Step 4

Add any details you would like to your "dummy mummy." This dummy is the equivalent of the form made out of mud and straw that the Ancient Egyptians would have used. However, unlike the Ancient Egyptians, you are going to leave your dummy in the case to make it easier to finish, so these details are just for you.

Hand holding a torn piece of white, maze-patterned paper next to a pair of black and white scissors cutting foil.

Step 5

Cut the plaster bandages into small strips. This step can be done with strips of burlap and plaster, but if you can find plaster bandages, they are easier and less messy.

Hands pressing red clay onto a silver mold placed on a light blue surface.

Step 6

Put a small amount of water in the bottom of a metal baking tray or other container. Dampen the strips one at a time, and use them to wrap your mummy. Smooth the wet plaster with your fingers until it covers all the little holes in the bandage. Cover the whole thing, since we do not need to remove the dummy.

Fun fact: In Ancient Egypt, the dummy would be removed while the plaster was starting to set, the person placed inside, and the back of the case sewn closed.

Two hands shaping a wet, white clay figure.

Step 7

Once the dummy is fully covered in smoothed plaster, set it someplace safe to dry overnight. Let the plaster settle in the tray you used. Then, you can carefully pour the excess water off the top and let the remaining plaster in the tray dry out as well. Once it is dry, it can be broken out and placed in the garbage.

NEVER pour plaster down the sink.

Close-up of hands painting a small pink object using a thin paintbrush near a watercolor palette.

Step 8

Once the plaster has dried, add the first layers of paint to the mummy case. It is a good idea to know what you want to put on your case ahead of time, so you know which layers you need to paint first.

A person holding and painting a small penguin figurine with a fine paintbrush.

Step 9

After the first layer of paint has dried, add the details overtop. You may wish to use a very small paintbrush for this step. Repeat it as many times as you need to in order to finish all the details.

Tips

For more even wrapping, start at the feet and work your way up.

Plaster sets quickly. Be sure to wrap and smooth the bandages as soon as you get them wet.

Safety Notes

Have a bucket full of soapy water and a disposable cloth on hand to clean your hands with. Wipe the excess plaster from your hands before washing.

Plaster dust is no good for your lungs. Don't breathe it in!

NEVER pour plaster down the sink. It will harden in the drain and clog it.

Acrylic paint does not wash out of clothes. Be careful when painting with it, and use a smock if you need to.

Follow-Up

Whose mummy case have you made?
What details have you put on your mummy case to help the owner's spirit know that it belongs to them?
What other details did you add to the case?
Why did you add them?
What was the easiest part of this activity?
What was the most challenging part of this activity?
What aspects of the environment might have contributed to the popularity of cartonnage coffins?
Imagine what it would have been like to work as a coffin-maker in Ancient Egypt. Write a short diary entry from the point of view of an
Ancient Egyptian worker talking about the joys and challenges of a day at work
Our finished miniature mummy case looks a lot like a shawabti. A shawabti was a magical statuette that Egyptians had buried with them.
They believed that the shawabti would act as a servant, or stand-in for them in the afterlife. What chores would your shawabti do for you if you were an Ancient Egyptian?

Teacher Reflection

Do the student's answers reflect an understanding of the purpose of creating memorials for the afterlife?
Do the student's answers reflect an understanding of the process of work and the role of workers in Egyptian society?

Glossary

Archaeologist: An archaeologist studies the lives of humans who have lived in the past, primarily by examining the objects and other traces they left behind, usually after excavating them.

Book of the Dead: Known to the Egyptians as "The Book of Coming Forth by Day", the text contained spells that would be written on papyrus or painted onto funerary objects that would assist the spirit of the deceased on their journey through the underworld and into the afterlife.

Mummy: A mummy is a deceased human or other animal whose remains have been preserved and do not decay. Mummies occur naturally for a variety of reasons (extreme cold, low humidity, or lack of air), and the earliest Egyptian mummies occurred naturally as a result of being buried in hot sand. Later, Egyptians deliberately mummified their dead as part of an important ritual step to living well in the afterlife.

Coffin: A funerary container for the remains of humans (and occasionally valued animals), often conforming to the basic shape of the body within. In ancient Egypt, usually made of wood or cartonnage.

Sarcophagus: A rectangular stone coffin, which often encloses a wooden coffin that is shaped more like a human.

Cartonnage: An Egyptian building material made from strips of linen or papyrus covered in a plaster-like substance called gesso, using techniques similar to paper maché.

Offering formula: A prayer that dead person would receive the necessities of life in the next world: bread and beer, beef and poultry, clothing and ointment.

Watch as ROM Educator Gayle Gibson welcomes a long-lost mummy home to the ROM.

Learn more about Djedmaatesankh

Shawabtis and coffins usually had the deceased's name written on them in hieroglyphs. Give your mummy a name, figure out how the name would be written in hieroglyphs using our hieroglyphs activity, and add it to the mummy case.

hieroglyphs activity